Mehr als ein halbes Jahrzehnt ist vergangen, seit wir den ersten Vielight Neuro auf den Markt gebracht haben, und es ist an der Zeit, die Gründe für sein Design zu überprüfen und zu bekräftigen. Als Pioniere der transkraniell-intranasalen Hirnphotobiomodulationstechnologie gibt es mehrere wichtige Gründe, warum unser neuestes Modell, das Vielight Neuro 3, in der Lage ist, auch in absehbarer Zukunft die höchste Wirksamkeit in Verbindung mit einem benutzerfreundlichen Design zu einem erschwinglichen Preis zu bieten.

• Der intranasale Vorteil
• Die Wahl: Vielight Neuro Headset oder wiederverwendete Helme?
• Ausrichtung auf das Standardmodusnetz
• Die Theorie hinter den Pulsraten
• Validierung durch Forschung

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Der intranasale Vorteil

“Warum die Nase?” – Diesen Satz haben wir schon viel zu oft gehört.

Wir haben die Nase wegen ihrer Lage und Struktur ausgewählt. Die Nase ist ein Einfallstor für die 810nm-Lichtenergie im nahen Infrarot (NIR), um den ventralen Bereich (Unterseite) des Gehirns zu erreichen, der sonst unzugänglich wäre. Die Regionen des Gehirns, die sich auf der Unterseite des Gehirns befinden, spielen eine wichtige Rolle bei emotionalen Reaktionen, Entscheidungsfindung und Selbstkontrolle. Darüber hinaus ist der nasale (olfaktorische) Bereich direkt mit der Gedächtnisverarbeitung (Hippocampus, entorhinaler Kortex) und der Emotionssteuerung (Amygdala) verbunden und ermöglicht den Zugang zu anderen Bereichen des Gehirns (Thalamus).

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Die Wahl: Vielight Neuro Headset oder wiederverwendete Helme?

Es mag verlockend sein, einen Fahrradhelm, einen Hut oder einen Eimer zu nehmen, ihn mit LEDs zu bestücken und ihn ein “Photobiomodulationsgerät für das Gehirn” zu nennen.
Aber haben Sie schon einmal darüber nachgedacht, ob sie wirksam sind?

Nach einem Jahrzehnt Erfahrung als eines der ersten Unternehmen im Bereich der Photobiomodulation des Gehirns haben wir gelernt, dass eine effektive Photobiomodulation des Gehirns nicht so einfach ist. Vor allem, wenn wir ein Gerät anbieten wollen, das auf sichere Weise ein Maximum an Licht in das Gehirn leitet.

Als forschungsorientiertes Unternehmen haben wir festgestellt, dass bei der Maximierung der Wirksamkeit der Photobiomodulation des Gehirns mehrere Schlüsselfaktoren ins Spiel kommen.

     1. Übertragung von NIR-Lichtenergie

NIR-Lichtenergie ist eine Form der elektromagnetischen Strahlung, die aus Teilchen wie Photonen besteht, die wellenartige Eigenschaften haben.

In der Natur kann Lichtenergie die Zellphysiologie eines Organismus beeinflussen, aber wie bringen wir sie richtig an?

Mehrere Eigenschaften der Lichtenergie beeinflussen die Übertragung von NIR-Energie auf das Gehirn.

• Die Lichtenergie wird bei der Ausbreitung über Entfernungen schwächer, weil die inverse square law of light.  
• Lichtenergie wird vom Haar absorbiert.

Angesichts dieser beiden Faktoren sind Helme/Hüte usw. nicht ideal für die Photobiomodulation des Gehirns. Zusätzlich zu dem Energieverlust, der entsteht, wenn das Licht aus dem Helm/der Mütze/dem Hut usw. austritt, werden die Haare zu einer Hemmschwelle, da sie das Restlicht absorbieren, da die schwebenden LEDs keinen Kontakt mit der Haut haben.

Zweitens ist die Positionierung der LEDs für die Wirksamkeit entscheidend. Die LEDs müssen in den Bereichen des Gehirns positioniert werden, die am stärksten betroffen sind. Die Qualität der ausgewählten Stellen in Verbindung mit Leistung und Frequenz ist wichtiger als die bloße Anzahl der wahllos platzierten LEDs, die zu weit von der Kopfhaut entfernt sind.

Schlimmer noch, sie erzeugen und speichern unbrauchbare/unregulierte Wärme und beeinträchtigen den Komfort und die Tragbarkeit, da sie an Steckdosen angeschlossen werden müssen.

Und schließlich fehlt es den “Einheitsgrößen”-Designs an der Anpassungsfähigkeit an unterschiedliche Kopfgrößen. Igitt!

Geben Sie den Neuro

Figure 1. Penetration of NIR energy into a human cadaver using the Vielight Neuro.

Das Vielight Neuro ist für eine maximale Übertragung der Lichtenergie ausgelegt.

Das Headset der Neuro hat einen angeborenen Designvorteil, da die LED-Module der Neuro so konzipiert wurden, dass sie den Kontakt mit der Kopfhaut maximieren. Die mikrochip-gesteuerten LED-Module kontrollieren auch die Wärmeleistung,

Außerdem ist das Neuro-Headset so konzipiert, dass es sich an verschiedene Kopfgrößen und -formen anpassen lässt. Komfort und Effektivität für Ihr wichtigstes Organ – Ihr Gehirn.

     2. LED-Technologie

Ein berühmter Küchenchef sagte einmal: “Es ist ganz einfach: Gute Zutaten ergeben ein gutes Essen. Eine weitere wichtige Zutat (oder ein Faktor) bei der Photobiomodulation des Gehirns ist die Art der verwendeten LED-Technologie. Das Vielight Neuro verwendet mikrochip-geregelte LED-Dioden, die die gewünschte Leistung bei vernachlässigbarer Wärme erzeugen. Dadurch können die LEDs in direktem Kontakt mit der Kopfhautoberfläche stehen, um die Energieübertragung und -durchdringung zu maximieren.

Andererseits ist die Verwendung zahlreicher minderwertiger LEDs kein “Rezept für eine Katastrophe”, sondern für einen Misserfolg, da sie das Fehlen einer Wärmeregulierungstechnologie häufig durch eine geringere Leistungsdichte kompensieren. Bei Vielight kann unsere proprietäre LED-Technologie so viel Energie wie nötig innerhalb sicherer und effizienter Grenzen extrahieren.

     3. Sind mehr LEDs besser?

Nicht unbedingt – erstens müssen die LEDs genügend Energie mit der richtigen Wellenlänge erzeugen, um den Schädel zu durchdringen. Es ist wenig sinnvoll, eine hohe Gesamtleistung zu erzeugen, wenn nichts davon das Gehirn erreicht.

Als Verbraucher sollten Sie sich immer über den Unterschied zwischen Leistungsdichte (mW/cm2) und Gesamtleistung (mW) im Klaren sein. Die Leistungsdichte ist wichtig, nicht die Gesamtleistungsabgabe. Leistungsdichte und Wellenlänge (810 nm) sind die beiden wichtigsten Faktoren, die bestimmen, ob Photonen den Schädel durchdringen und das Gehirn erreichen. Die Gesamtausgangsleistung kann eine irreführende Angabe sein, da sie leicht durch die Verwendung vieler LEDs mit geringer Leistung und schlechter Qualität erreicht werden kann.

Das Sprichwort “Qualität vor Quantität” trifft hier zu!

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Ausrichtung auf das Standardmodusnetz

There are approximately 86 billion neurons in the human brain. That’s a lot of neurons. For reference, there are approximately 200-400 billon stars in our galaxy.  Neurons are highly interconnected – our brain stimulation optimization theory is to pick the most important regions that show the highest interconnectivity. Hence, our research team chose the default mode network (DMN) as the primary target for the Vielight Neuro. Here’s why.

The Vielight Neuro targets the Default Mode Network.

• Why the Default Mode Network?

The general health of the brain is often associated with the health of the default mode network (DMN), often considered the template network of the brain. It is a large-scale brain network primarily composed of the lateral parietal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, precuneus and the entorhinal cortex. The DMN is prominent when the brain is in its quiet state of repose.^[1] Several brain diseases, including Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease has been associated with dysfunctional DMN.^[2]

In a nutshell, the Default Mode Network (DMN) has been linked to the general health of the brain and is involved in various domains of cognitive and social processing. Do you know of a better target for brain photobiomodulation? If so, let us know.

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The Theory behind Pulse Rates

We have found that the pulse rate matters in brain PBM. The brain responds to pulse rate stimulation in specific ways. When we stimulate a healthy brain in gamma (40 Hz), we can elevate the amplitude of gamma and other fast waves in alpha and beta in the brain while reducing those of the slow delta and theta ^[3]. Independent researchers have found success in the use of the Vielight Neuro Gamma for dementia ^[4] , Parkinson’s Disease ^[5] ; and the Vielight Alpha (10 Hz) in traumatic brain injury ^[6] . However, please note that our devices are still general wellness device and not medical devices. We don’t claim efficacy for any indication and can only point towards research already published with our devices. (https://www.vielight.com/de//research)

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Validation via Research

At Vielight, research is in our DNA. We understand the need to validate the engineering theory behind our devices with scientific data. A simple idea like placing LEDs on your head can turn surprisingly complex when taking different parameters into account, like the pulse rate, wavelength and power density to maximize efficacy.

With that in mind, we’ve invested heavily in research and clinical trials over the years. In fact, Vielight devices have the most published research in the field of brain photobiomodulation to date.

For a full list of published research that used our devices: Link

We’re grateful to all the research institutions we’ve collaborated with over the years and look forward to a bright future of discoveries together.

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References

1. Sormaz, Mladen; Murphy, Charlotte; Wang, Hao-Ting; Hymers, Mark; Karapanagiotidis, Theodoros; Poerio, Giulia; Margulies, Daniel S.; Jefferies, Elizabeth; Smallwood, Jonathan (2018). “Default mode network can support the level of detail in experience during active task states”
2. Buckner, R. L.; Andrews-Hanna, J. R.; Schacter, D. L. (2008). “The Brain’s Default Network: Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease”. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.
3. Zomorrodi, R., Loheswaran, G., Pushparaj, A., & Lim, L. (2019). Pulsed Near Infrared Transcranial and Intranasal Photobiomodulation Significantly Modulates Neural Oscillations: a pilot exploratory study. Scientific Reports, 9.
4. Chao LL. Effects of Home Photobiomodulation Treatments on Cognitive and Behavioral Function, Cerebral Perfusion, and Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Patients with Dementia: A Pilot Trial. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg. 2019 Mar;37(3):133-141. doi: 10.1089/photob.2018.4555.
5. Liebert A, Bicknell B, Laakso EL, Heller G, Jalilitabaei P, Tilley S, Mitrofanis J, Kiat H. Improvements in clinical signs of Parkinson’s disease using photobiomodulation: a prospective proof-of-concept study. BMC Neurol. 2021 Jul 2;21(1):256. Doi: 10.1186/s12883-021-02248-y.
6. Chao LL, Barlow C, Karimpoor M, Lim L. Changes in Brain Function and Structure After Self-Administered Home Photobiomodulation Treatment in a Concussion Case. Front Neurol. 2020;11:952. Published 2020 Sep 8. doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.00952

The post Understanding the Vielight Neuro 3 first appeared on Vielight Inc - Deutsch.

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Only a few years ago brain stimulation was a closed playground. It was destined for cutting edge science and research. However, today, general wellness devices can stimulate your brain and help to boost your mental acuity right at your home.

Brain wellness is garnering a lot of attention over the recent decade. Even younger adults, those under forty, are interested in supporting their brain. This interest is not without bases. Thus, statistical data is painting an unpleasant picture that shows proliferation of dementia in our society. That is a strong enough stimulus for fear to trigger a sympathetic response in the brain. Truly, the perspective of suffering through dementia is not a particularly appealing scenario for anyone. No wonder people are searching for ways to support and help their brain.

Brain Stimulation Devices

Among options available to support brain wellness, brain stimulation devices are the newest category of products. Some of them are medical devices and some are general wellness devices. The latter category intended to help in supporting brain wellness. Let’s dig in deeper.

Even for those with highly consumerist attitudes and high expectations it can be hard to imagine that a small and strange-looking contraption can stimulate the brain. Furthermore, the new technology pushes this category of device even further, and some brain stimulation devices can do their job anywhere. Thus, no need to go to a specialized laboratory or some other dedicated facility.

For example, you can simply pop the device on your head, press a button, and off goes a brain stimulation session. Moreover, no drilling required, so the number of holes in your body will not increase. You can also preserve your lovely skull in its original shape, which is likely an important factor for many.

Funny things aside, the fact that today anyone can purchase an at-home-use brain stimulation device has to be awe-inspiring. A specialized consumer device that can deliver neural stimulation in an unsupervised, self-administered session is worth appreciation and continued research. That is exactly what Vielight and many researchers do.

Are Vielight Brain Modulation Devices Safe

Furthermore, speaking about such devices, it is important to note that Vielight is a leading designer and manufacturer of brain stimulation devices. The Vielight devices utilize near infrared light (NIR) to reach and stimulate the brain transcranially.

Not less important is the fact that this form of neural stimulation, photoneuromodulation (PNM) or transcranial photobimodulation (tPBM), is noninvasive. Moreover, it is likely the least invasive form of neural stimulation. Therefore, the Vielight brain stimulation devices are not only simple in exploitation, but also safe and noninvasive consumer-focused products.

Neural Stimulation vs Brain Stimulation vs Brain Modulation

Do you find some of the terminology around brain stimulation to be confusing? Sometimes you can hear or read terms neural stimulation, sometimes, brain stimulation, brain modulation and sometimes, transcranial photobiomodulation. Although these terms may sound somewhat different, in general, they refer to similar processes, and some use them interchangeably. For example, transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) is a form of brain stimulation. On the other hand, neural stimulation can be used completely interchangeably with brain stimulation and means exactly the same.

However, brain modulation has somewhat different connotations. Unlike the other terms, it implies the process of changes to the brain, and not just its stimulation. Thus, Vielight tPBM devices do both, brain stimulation and brain modulation.

Neural Stimulation and Brain Wellness

At this point you might have questions about how brain stimulation translates into brain wellness. A simple answer is stimulation presumes that something will happen to change the status quo, or the current state of something. In this case the brain is the subject of change.

For example, some of you may have experienced slower reaction and some sort of decline in mental focus. Such changes could happen because some of the neurons may become hypoxic over time. There can be a number of reasons for such changes. Natural aging of the brain is one of them.

When this happens, your neural networks may not function as well as they once where. In this case, the focus of brain stimulation could be on improving mental acuity. Thus, a tPBM device could help to stimulate the neurons in the brain. Following stimulation, some of the hypoxic neurons could become more active. They can start firing again and participating in the creation of stronger neural networks. Consequently, this type of brain stimulation can provide support for the brain. It can also lead to improvements in mental acuity and overall brain wellness.

Non-medical Brain Stimulation

However, it is important to note that this form of brain stimulation in not medical. This means that it is not intended to cure an illness or its specific symptoms. On the other hand, the goal is to provide support for the brain, improve mental acuity and to delay brain’s aging.

The devices that can offer such stimulation fall in the category of general wellness devices. These are not medical devices. Of course, there are other forms of brain stimulation and neural modulation. Some of them can support general brain wellness, others have medical use, yet there are those that can do both. However, that would be a subject for another article.

At-home Brain Modulation 

As you may recall from the above, a big thing about modern brain stimulation devices is their simplicity of use. On the one hand, new technology is very sophisticated. On the other, it allows to simplify many functions. It is also conducive of compact product designs, which can comfortably fit with any settings of a personal dwelling. After all, you would only need a small footprint to put the device on. It can be not much bigger than the size of a book. Furthermore, the latest brain stimulation devices can be also so simple in exploitation that anyone can use them at home.

For example, Vielight products are known for their simplicity and one-button-push operation. This is manageable even on the days when you are very tired or have little energy. No need to deal with complex contraptions or unruly technology. Instead, the Vielight device offer simple design and one button to press to start brain stimulation and neural modulation.

The post Brain Stimulation Devices Boosting General Wellness first appeared on Vielight Inc - Deutsch.

The post Brain Stimulation Devices Boosting General Wellness appeared first on Vielight Inc - Deutsch.

Therapeutic Effects of Brain Photobiomodulation

The therapeutic effects of brain photobiomodulation therapy are enhanced oxygenation^[1], brain energy metabolism^[2], neuronal protection^[3] and neurogenesis^[4](production of neurons). Most importantly, these factors can trigger an increase in mental acuity and improvement in brain functions. All these facts point to an affirmative answer to the the question of “can light therapy help the brain?”Above all, tPBM is completely non-invasive, has no significant side effects and dose not employ any artificial chemicals. Furthermore, the light does penetrate deep enough to reach the brain and numerous studies support this as a fact. If you’d like to learn more about the penetration of near infrared light through the skull, you can read this article.

Independent research in the field of brain photobiomodulation using Vielight technology has demonstrated efficacy in a wide range of applications. The following are some examples of such findings. Independent research demonstrated neural oscillation modulation through brain photobiomodulation. Neural oscillations, or brainwaves, are repetitive patterns of neural activity that can be recorded. Neural oscillations can vary depending on the brain state and neural activity.

Moreover, pre-clinical studies by researchers at the University of California San Francisco on dementia patients showed that transcranial PBM can enhance cerebral blood flow and neural connectivity in specific brain regions. Lastly, researchers at the Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System are investigating the efficacy of brain photobiomodulation to treat gulf war illness. You can read more ongoing and completed, and published research on this page which has a list of studies with links.

Mechanisms that help to answer the question
of “can light therapy help the brain?”

Figure 1. Mechanism of photobiomodulation therapy in mitochondria^[5]

A) Photobiomodulation stimulates cytochrome c oxidase, which increases ATP synthesis.
This results in the enhancement of neuronal respiration and metabolism.

B) Photobiomodulation dissociates nitric oxide from the center, increasing the proton gradient.
(The proton gradient is a product of the electron transport chain. A higher concentration of protons
outside the inner membrane of the mitochondria than inside the membrane is the driving force
behind ATP synthesis).

Brain Bioenergetics

Brain photobiomodulation has an enhancing effect on neuronal mitochondria without any negative side effects or harmful chemicals. Additionally, brain disorders are commonly caused by mitochondrial dysfunction^[6] because brain tissue is rich in mitochondria^[7].

Results from a study on human neuronal cells (808 nm) reveals that maximum ATP production occurred at 10 minutes post-irradiation.^[8] Also, another study^[9] using phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) evaluated the metabolic rate in neurons following transcranial laser therapy (808 nm). Correspondingly, repeated irradiation over 2 weeks showed prolonged beneficial effects and improved cerebral bioenergetics.

Neural Oscillations

The discovery of the effect of brain photobiomodulation PBM on neural activities and brain oscillations is groundbreaking. In this cross-over, double-blind study, the results revealed a significant effect of transcranial near-infrared light (810 nm wavelength) at a 40 Hz pulsing rate. The effects were on the power, functional connectivity and synchronization of endogenous brain activity.

The potential of brain PBM to modulate brain activity opens new opportunities for research and therapy. In a published study, delivering NIR light energy pulsed at 40 Hz to the hubs of the default mode network significantly increases the power of the high oscillatory frequencies of alpha, beta and gamma. Ultimately, this points towards the potential of brain PBM to improve focus and memory encoding.

Cerebral Blood Flow

Blood flow to the brain is vital because neurons need oxygen to function properly. Inadequate blood flow to the brain has been linked to several dysfunctions, such as depression and anxiety. According to pre-clinical findings, tPBM could potentially increase nitric oxide in neurons, which leads to an increase in cerebral blood flow^[10]. Furthermore, in the most recent clinical investigations by the University of Texas, improvement in cerebral oxygenation was found both during and following transcranial laser irradiation.^[11]

Clinical research using Vielight technology by the University of California, San Francisco, on people with dementia has shown that brain photobiomodulation can increase cerebral blood flow. Thus, leading to an overall increase in their cognitive function.

Neuroinflammation

Neuroinflammation is inflammation of brain tissue which is mediated by microglial cells. Thus, microglial cells respond to neuronal damage by releasing pro-inflammatory markers (cytokines). Furthermore, inflammatory cytokines play a role in initiating the inflammatory response. Moreover, dysregulation of proinflammatory cytokines has been linked to depression and other neurological diseases.

In an early study^[12], researchers assessed the anti-inflammatory effects of NIR lasers on the alteration of cerebral interleukins in cryogenic brain injury. Notebly, they found a decreased level at 24 hours compared to 6 hours. In addition, brain photobiomodulation activated cellular immunity via increasing the presence of interleukins in blood cells at 20 days post-stroke.

To sum up, these studies supports the idea that the anti-inflammatory effects of brain PBM may be due to its ability to modulate microglial activity.

Neurogenesis

Increased expression of neurotrophins (proteins inducing survival and development of neurons) may account for observations of stimulation of neurogenesis.^[13] The neurogenesis effects of tPBM was demonstrated in TBI mice models.^[14] In a series of studies, researchers determined the optimal regimen of tPBM (810 nm) for neuroprotection in mice with TBI. As a result, they reported that tPBM sessions, delivered for 1 to 3 consecutive days, notably stimulated neurogenesis.

Conclusion

At this point you hopefully feel more confident in answering the question posed in the subject of this article, “Can light therapy help the brain?”. Considering all the research noted in  this article, the answer seems to be self-evident. Because neural tissues contain large amounts of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase, brain photobiomodulation has great potential. Improving mental acuity through enhanced cerebral metabolic function and blood flow, stimulating neurogenesis and providing neuroprotection are the most important effects of brain PBM therapy.

Figure 2 Beneficial effects of brain photobiomodulation
Source : Mol Neurobiol. 2018 Aug; 55(8): 6601–6636

References

1. Rojas JC, Bruchey AK, Gonzalez-Lima F. Low-level light therapy improves cortical metabolic capacity and memory retention. J Alzheimers Dis. 2012;32(3):741–752
2. Lu Y, Wang R, Dong Y, Tucker D, Zhao N, Ahmed ME, Zhu L, Liu TC-Y, Cohen RM, Zhang Q. Low-level laser therapy for beta amyloid toxicity in rat hippocampus. Neurobiol Aging. 2017;49:165–182
3. Quirk BJ, Torbey M, Buchmann E, Verma S, Whelan HT. Near-infrared photobiomodulation in an animal model of traumatic brain injury: improvements at the behavioral and biochemical levels. Photomed Laser Surg. 2012;30(9):523–529
4. Xuan W, Agrawal T, Huang L, Gupta GK, Hamblin MR. Low-level laser therapy for traumatic brain injury in mice increases brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and synaptogenesis. J Biophotonics. 2015;8(6):502–511
5. Mattson MP, Gleichmann M, Cheng A. Mitochondria in neuroplasticity and neurological disorders. 2008;60(5):748–766.
6. Passarella S, Karu T. Absorption of monochromatic and narrow band radiation in the visible and near IR by both mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial photoacceptors results in photobiomodulation. J Photochem Photobiol B, Biol. 2014;140:344–358
7. Schwarz TL. Mitochondrial trafficking in neurons. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2013;5(6):a011304.
8. Oron U, Ilic S, De Taboada L, Streeter J. Ga-As (808 nm) laser irradiation enhances ATP production in human neuronal cells in culture. Photomed Laser Surg. 2007;25(3):180–182.
9. Mintzopoulos D, Gillis TE, Tedford CE, Kaufman MJ. Effects of Near-Infrared Light on Cerebral Bioenergetics Measured with Phosphorus Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Photomed Laser Surg. 2017;35(8):395–400
10. Uozumi Y, Nawashiro H, Sato S, Kawauchi S, Shima K, Kikuchi M. Targeted increase in cerebral blood flow by transcranial near-infrared laser irradiation. Lasers Surg Med. 2010;42(6):566–576.
11. Wang X, Tian F, Reddy DD, Nalawade SS, Barrett DW, Gonzalez-Lima F, Liu H. Up-regulation of cerebral cytochrome-c-oxidase and hemodynamics by transcranial infrared laser stimulation: A broadband near-infrared spectroscopy study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2017;37(12):3789–3802.
12. Moreira MS, Velasco IT, Ferreira LS, Ariga SKK, Barbeiro DF, Meneguzzo DT, Abatepaulo F, Marques MM. Effect of phototherapy with low intensity laser on local and systemic immunomodulation following focal brain damage in rat. J Photochem Photobiol B, Biol. 2009;97(3):145–151.
13. Telerman A, Lapter S, Sharabi A, Zinger H, Mozes E. Induction of hippocampal neurogenesis by a tolerogenic peptide that ameliorates lupus manifestations. J Neuroimmunol. 2011;232(1):151–157.
14. Xuan W, Vatansever F, Huang L, Wu Q, Xuan Y, Dai T, Ando T, Xu T, Huang Y-Y, Hamblin MR. Transcranial low-level laser therapy improves neurological performance in traumatic brain injury in mice: effect of treatment repetition regimen. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e53454.

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